Does inheritance always result in code that has less duplication and is easier to understand?

Inheritance is a fundamental principle in object-oriented programming that allows a class to inherit properties and behaviors (methods) from another class. However, it does not guarantee that the code will always have less duplication or be easier to understand.

Inheritance can lead to situations where code becomes more complex rather than simpler, especially if not applied carefully. For example, if a class hierarchy becomes too deep or convoluted, it might introduce confusion regarding which methods and properties are inherited, overridden, or shadowed. This complexity can actually increase duplication, as developers may find themselves rewriting similar methods across different subclasses to handle unique cases appropriately.

Additionally, if multiple inheritance is involved, there can be ambiguity about which parent class's properties or methods to use. This complexity can hinder readability and understanding of the code, which contradicts the principles of good design.

While inheritance can certainly reduce duplication in well-structured designs, its misuse or overuse can lead to code that is more difficult to maintain and understand. Thus, the correct conclusion is that inheritance does not always result in less duplication or easier code; it depends on how it is implemented and used within the design.